Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. It is a symptom of coronary artery disease and is often described as squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness or pain in the chest. Angina can be classified into two main types: stable angina and unstable angina. Both types are indicative of underlying heart disease but differ in their symptoms, causes, and severity.
Stable angina, also known as exertional angina or chronic stable angina, is the most common form of angina. It typically occurs when the heart works harder than usual—during physical activity or emotional stress. The symptoms are predictable and manageable; they usually last less than five minutes and can be relieved by rest or medication such as nitroglycerin.
Stable angina develops when the coronary arteries become narrow and hardened due to atherosclerosis—a condition where fatty deposits build up on the inner walls of the arteries. This restricts blood flow to the heart muscle during periods of increased demand for oxygen like during exercise or stress. The pattern of symptoms remains consistent over months and does not typically lead to a heart attack unless the condition progresses.
On the other hand, unstable angina is less common but more serious. It occurs unpredictably—not necessarily triggered by physical exertion—and cannot be relieved by rest or usual medication. The attacks last longer than stable angina—usually more than 20 minutes—and may worsen over time.
Unstable angina can occur when a fatty deposit in a coronary artery ruptures or forms a blood clot, significantly reducing or blocking blood flow through that artery. This sudden reduction in blood supply can damage parts of the heart muscle and could potentially lead to a heart attack.
The key difference between stable and unstable angina lies in their predictability and severity. While both are warning signs of potential heart disease, unstable angina is considered a medical emergency because of its unpredictability and the high risk of leading to a heart attack or cardiac arrest.
In conclusion, both stable and unstable angina are serious conditions that require medical attention. Stable angina is usually manageable with lifestyle changes and medication, while unstable angina requires immediate medical intervention. If you experience chest pain or discomfort, it is important to seek medical help immediately to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment. Regular check-ups can also help detect early signs of heart disease and prevent the progression of these conditions.
